The results of a three-year study designed to identify sets of teaching skills necessary to meet the demands of a fourth-grade classroom environment are discussed. (LH)

Historical information about how teachers have taught over the past century was reviewed to determine what patterns of teacher behavior have persisted over time, despite reformers' efforts to change them. Although there were periods of change during the 1920s and the 1960s, teacher-centered instruction reasserted itself after reform efforts…