Measurement invariance (MI) is an essential part of validity evidence concerned with ensuring that tests function similarly across groups, contexts, and time. Most evaluations of MI involve multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) that assume simple structure. However, recent research has shown that constraining non-target indicators to…

Within the frequentist structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, adjudicating model quality through measures of fit has been an active area of methodological research. Complicating this conversation is research revealing that a higher quality measurement portion of a SEM can result in poorer estimates of overall model fit than lower quality…