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Skinner, Christopher H.; Bennett, Jade; Richardson, Robert; Scott, Katie; Wheat, Laura S.; Martinez, James – Psychology in the Schools, 2023
School psychologists have been involved with developing and installing individual contingencies designed to remedy individual students' academic deficits. Group-oriented contingencies can be applied to broader efforts designed to prevent learning problems class-wide. Independent group-oriented rewards are frequently used in school settings to…
Descriptors: Equal Education, Academic Standards, Learning Problems, Learning Processes
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Cahn, Lorynne, D. – Psychology in the Schools, 1988
Examined patterns of variance for sex and grade level using the Nelson Reading Test, the Gates-MacGintie Reading Test, and the Spache Diagnostic Reading Scales for first to eighth grade students referred for possible reading disabilities. Females outscored males significantly on all measures. Found differences among grades in regard to both…
Descriptors: Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Instructional Program Divisions, Learning