Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses. Based on Embodied Cognition theory, physical activities are an important manifestation of cognitive functions. As a result, they can be employed to both assess and train cognitive skills. In order to assess various cognitive measures,…

Smartphone ownership and use by adolescents have increased rapidly over the past decade and a half. Although some educators anticipated benefits of smartphones for learning, increasing smartphone use has raised numerous concerns in school environments, including the possibility that the mere presence of a smartphone reduces students' cognitive…

In this dissertation, we present three empirical studies exploring the relationship between the central planning processes of spoken word production--lexical selection, phonological encoding, and phonetic encoding--and three other cognitive processes traditionally considered separate or peripheral to this core system. Study 1 examines the role of…