The evolution of U.S. secondary school mathematics requirements throughout the 20th century included a significant shift towards more rigorous standards by the end of the century. Initially, many states required minimal or no mathematics for high school graduation. However, reforms led most states to adopt a 3-year mathematics requirement, with…

Algebraic thinking is an essential component of the K-12 mathematics curriculum. Early algebra focuses on the overall numeric structure (Kaput, 2008; Kieran,2018; Kieran et al., 2016) which focuses on the noticing of arithmetic patterns leading to generalizations supported by justification, reasoning and justifications (Blanton, 2008; Blanton et…

A fundamental issue facing mathematics educators is developing rich, deep mathematical understanding in teacher candidates. Research suggests teachers need more than just a basic knowledge of the math they teach. They need mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT): the ability to unpack mathematical ideas, to interpret student errors, and to…