The author stresses the use of the holistic approach in (a) the training and role of the psychiatrist, (b) the school and its subsystems, (c) the role of the guidance counselor, and (d) the interaction between the guidance counselor and the psychiatrist. (Author)

Schools and agencies are under pressure to demonstrate program effectiveness and be cost accountable. Systems methodology, developed for use in other fields, may have the potential for program development in counseling. This article discusses some ways in which systems technology may be directly employed in a counseling setting. (Author)

Complexities of a client's existing environment make its analysis an awesome task. One effective way to assist clients is through the Systems Analysis and Organizational Change model. Describes the principal environmental factors to be considered and alternative actions that might be taken. (Author)

Organization Development (OD) is the application of behavioral-science knowledge to enhance an organization's effectiveness and efficiency. This article discusses the evolution of organization development, the basic components of an OD program, typologies of OD interventions, problems with organization development, and organization development in…

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that structural and behavioral changes are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary. It discusses origins of the behavioral-structural controversy, major behavioral symptoms of structural problems, advantages of structural interventions, reluctance to utilize structural interventions, and…

Presents an objective-based model for the selection of counselors. The model places emphasis on a systematic approach, with staff involvement and clear objectives for the process, and includes suggestions for avoiding ineffective behaviors based on traditional approaches. (Author)