To teach the rigorous skills and knowledge students need to succeed in future college-entry courses and workforce training programs, education stakeholders have increasingly called for more rigorous curricula, instruction, and assessments. Identifying the critical attributes of rigor and measuring its appearance in curricular materials is…

This study is to elaborate the implementation of computer and Vygotskian view of learning in an effort to explore how to properly integrate computers into the curriculum development for English language arts classroom and maximize each child's learning potential. With computers as natural tools for learning in a setting of collaborative learning…