Translanguaging theory posits that bi/multilingual students have unitary, dynamic repertoires of communicative features and seeks to subvert monolingual norms and language standardization that perpetuate the marginalization of bi/multilingual learners. Yet, some argue that translanguaging research in education fails to live up to its…

All assessment policies and practices are based on monolingual constructs whereby test-takers are expected to demonstrate their language proficiency in one language at a time. Thus, the construct underlying these assessment approaches and/or scales (e.g., the CEFR) is of language as a closed and finite system that does not enable other languages…