Four experiments were conducted to study the contents of human instrumental conditioning. Experiment 1 found positive transfer between a discriminative stimulus (S[superscript D] and an instrumental response (R) that shared the outcome (O) with the response that was originally trained with the S[superscript D], showing the formation of an S[superscript D][right arrow]O association. Experiment 2 found that post-acquisition devaluation of an outcome selectively reduced the response trained with that outcome, showing the formation of a R[right arrow]O association. In Experiment 3, changing the outcome did not prevent participants from giving the response learned with each S[superscript D], even though none of the responses was appropriate for the new outcome, showing evidence of the formation of S[superscript D][right arrow]R associations in instrumental learning. The three binary associations were shown within the same basic experimental situation. Finally, Experiment 4 found evidence of the formation of the higher order association S[superscript D](R[right arrow]O) in human instrumental conditioning.