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Direct linkKattner, Florian; Ellermeier, Wolfgang; Tavakoli, Paniz – Learning and Motivation, 2012
Whereas previous evaluative conditioning (EC) studies produced inconsistent results concerning the role of contingency knowledge, there are classical eye-blink conditioning studies suggesting that declarative processes are involved in trace conditioning but not in delay conditioning. In two EC experiments pairing neutral sounds (conditioned…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Contingency Management, Role, Correlation
Zucco, Gesualdo M.; Paolini, Michela; Schaal, Benoist – Learning and Motivation, 2009
The pioneering work by Kirk-Smith, Van Toller, and Dodd [Kirk-Smith, M. D., Van Toller, C., & Dodd, G. H. (1983). "Unconscious odour conditioning in human subjects." "Biological Psychology," 17, 221-231], established that an unnoticed odorant paired with an emotionally meaningful task can influence mood and attitudes when the odorant alone is…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Learning Processes, Research Methodology, Experiments
Holland, Peter C. – Learning and Motivation, 2008
In experiments that measured food consumption, Holland (1981; "Learning and Motivation," 12, 1-18) found that food aversions were formed when an exteroceptive associate of food was paired with illness, but not when such an associate was paired with shock. By contrast, measuring the ability of food to reinforce instrumental responding,…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Reinforcement, Food, Diseases
Armel, K. Carrie; Pulido, Carmen; Wixted, John T.; Chiba, Andrea A. – Learning and Motivation, 2009
We demonstrate here that initially neutral items can acquire "specific" value based on their associated outcomes, and that responses of physiological systems to such previously meaningless stimuli can rapidly reflect this associative history. Each participant participated in an associative learning task in which four neutral abstract pictures were…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Human Body, Diagnostic Tests, Physiology
Grant, Douglas S. – Learning and Motivation, 2009
To test the hypothesis that pigeons will only code the more salient sample when samples differ markedly in salience, pigeons were trained with samples consisting of a 2-s presentation of food (highly salient sample) and an 8-s presentation of keylight (less salient sample). During retention testing, pigeons tended to respond at longer delays as if…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Animals, Animal Behavior, Experiments
Williams, Douglas A.; Chubala, Chrissy M.; Mather, Amber A.; Johns, Kenneth W. – Learning and Motivation, 2009
Appetitive contextual excitation supported by intertrial unconditioned stimuli was more easily overcome by timed conditioned responding in rats using quiet (Experiment 1) rather than noisy (Experiment 2) food pellet deliveries. Head-entry responding in acquisition peaked above the contextual baseline when pellet delivery occurred 10, 30, 60, or 90…
Descriptors: Cues, Intervals, Reaction Time, Food
