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Direct linkHolland, Peter C. – Learning and Motivation, 2008
In experiments that measured food consumption, Holland (1981; "Learning and Motivation," 12, 1-18) found that food aversions were formed when an exteroceptive associate of food was paired with illness, but not when such an associate was paired with shock. By contrast, measuring the ability of food to reinforce instrumental responding,…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Reinforcement, Food, Diseases
Ward-Robinson, Jasper – Learning and Motivation, 2004
Three mechanisms can explain second-order conditioning: (1) The second-order conditioned stimulus (CS2) could activate a representation of the first-order conditioned stimulus (CS1), thereby provoking the conditioned response (CR); The CS2 could enter into an excitatory association with either (2) the representation governing the CR, or (3) with a…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Stimuli, Reinforcement, Animals
