This study compared 1,356 students with learning disabilities and 17,431 nondisabled students in grades 4, 7, and 10 on at-risk factors and number of school interventions. Learning-disabled children were found to be significantly more at risk on personal pain, family socioeconomic status, family instability, family tragedy, and academic risk.…

The main outcomes of the Prague (Czechoslovakia) longitudinal studies following over 1,000 children for almost 30 years are summarized. The children were either born from unwanted pregnancies, with alcoholic fathers, born out-of-wedlock, or in divorced families. A theory of psychological subdeprivation is offered and applied to children with…