There is an emerging research base exploring the relation between mathematics vocabulary and achievement; therefore, we conducted a pilot study of a mathematics vocabulary intervention for first-grade students with mathematics difficulty (MD). At posttest, the vocabulary intervention group scored significantly higher than the active control on…

Students often experience difficulty with attaching meaning to mathematics symbols. Many students react to symbols, such as the equal sign, as a command to "do something" or "write an answer" without reflecting upon the proper relational meaning of the equal sign. One method for assessing equal-sign understanding is through…