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Matthew R. Dougherty; David Halpern; Michael J. Kahana – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Although possible to recall in both forward and backward order, recall proceeds most naturally in the order of encoding. Prior studies ask whether and how forward and backward recall differ. We reexamine this classic question by studying recall dynamics while varying the predictability and timing of forward and backward cues. Although overall…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Serial Ordering, Short Term Memory, Prediction
Ju, Jangkyu; Cho, Yang Seok – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Previous studies on value-driven attentional capture (VDAC) have demonstrated that the uncertainty of reward value modulates attentional allocation via associative learning. However, it is unclear whether such attentional exploration is executed based on the amount of potential reward information available for refining value prediction or the…
Descriptors: Attention, Attention Control, Rewards, Associative Learning
Chen, Xuemei; Wang, Suiping; Hartsuiker, Robert J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Structural priming studies in production have demonstrated stronger priming effects for unexpected sentence structures (inverse preference effect). This is consistent with error-based implicit learning accounts that assume learning depends on prediction error. Such prediction error can be verb-specific, leading to strong priming when a verb that…
Descriptors: Sentence Structure, Priming, Language Processing, Reading Comprehension
Moretti, Luca; Koch, Iring; Steinhauser, Marco; Schuch, Stefanie – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Studies of switching between tasks and studies of error commission have both provided solid behavioral measures of executive control. Nonetheless, a gap remains between these strands of research. In three experiments we sought to reduce this gap by assessing the impact of task errors on N-2 repetition costs, an effect supposedly related to…
Descriptors: Task Analysis, Error Patterns, Cognitive Ability, Attention Control
Andrews, Sally; Veldre, Aaron; Wong, Roslyn; Yu, Lili; Reichle, Erik D. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Facilitated identification of predictable words during online reading has been attributed to the generation of predictions about upcoming words. But highly predictable words are relatively infrequent in natural texts, raising questions about the utility and ubiquity of anticipatory prediction strategies. This study investigated the contribution of…
Descriptors: Aging (Individuals), Eye Movements, Reading Processes, Prediction
Yu-Chin, Chiu – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Recent context-control learning studies have shown that switch costs are reduced in a particular context predicting a high probability of switching as compared to another context predicting a low probability of switching. These context-specific switch probability effects suggest that control of task sets, through experience, can become associated…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Prior Learning, Task Analysis, Cognitive Ability
Annis, Jeffrey; Gauthier, Isabel; Palmeri, Thomas J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Object representations from convolutional neural network (CNN) models of computer vision (LeCun, Bengio, & Hinton, 2015) were used to drive a cognitive model of decision making, the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) model (Brown & Heathcote, 2008), to predict errors and response times (RTs) in a novel object recognition task in humans.…
Descriptors: Prediction, Recognition (Psychology), Artificial Intelligence, Performance
Lupker, Stephen J.; Spinelli, Giacomo; Davis, Colin J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
A word's exterior letters, particularly its initial letter, appear to have a special status when reading. Therefore, most orthographic coding models incorporate assumptions giving initial letters and, in some cases, final letters, enhanced importance during the orthographic coding process. In the present article, 3 masked priming experiments were…
Descriptors: Alphabets, Reading Processes, Priming, Decision Making
Fröber, Kerstin; Jurczyk, Vanessa; Dreisbach, Gesine – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Frequent forced switching between tasks has been shown to reduce switch costs and increase voluntary switch rates. So far, however, the boundary conditions of the influence of forced task switching on voluntary task switching are unknown. Thus, the present study was aimed to test different aspects of generalizability (across items, tasks, and…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Attention Control, Task Analysis, Generalization
Referential Context and Executive Functioning Influence Children's Resolution of Syntactic Ambiguity
Qi, Zhenghan; Love, Jessica; Fisher, Cynthia; Brown-Schmidt, Sarah – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Classic studies reveal two striking differences between preschoolers and adults in online sentence comprehension. Adults (a) recruit referential context cues to guide syntactic parsing, interpreting an ambiguous phrase as a modifier if a modifier is needed to single out the intended referent among multiple options, and (b) use late-arriving…
Descriptors: Preschool Teachers, Prediction, Individual Differences, Executive Function
Rouhani, Nina; Norman, Kenneth A.; Niv, Yael – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Reward-prediction errors track the extent to which rewards deviate from expectations, and aid in learning. How do such errors in prediction interact with memory for the rewarding episode? Existing findings point to both cooperative and competitive interactions between learning and memory mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether learning about…
Descriptors: Rewards, Learning, Memory, Interaction
Chen, Jinglu; Tan, Ling; Liu, Lu; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Reaction Time, Prediction, Color
Griffiths, Oren; Erlinger, May; Beesley, Tom; Le Pelley, Mike E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Within the domain of associative learning, there is substantial evidence that people (and other animals) select among environmental cues on the basis of their reinforcement history. Specifically, people preferentially attend to, and learn about, cueing stimuli that have previously predicted events of consequence (a predictiveness bias). By…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Prediction, Bias, Cues
Kalbe, Felix; Schwabe, Lars – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Stimuli encoded shortly before an aversive event are typically well remembered. Traditionally, this emotional memory enhancement has been attributed to beneficial effects of physiological arousal on memory formation. Here, we proposed an additional mechanism and tested whether memory formation is driven by the unpredictable nature of aversive…
Descriptors: Prediction, Memory, Fear, Conditioning
Brehm, Laurel; Goldrick, Matthew – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
The current work uses memory errors to examine the mental representation of verb-particle constructions (VPCs; e.g., "make up" the story, "cut up the meat"). Some evidence suggests that VPCs are represented by a cline in which the relationship between the VPC and its component elements ranges from highly transparent ("cut…
Descriptors: Verbs, Form Classes (Languages), Regression (Statistics), Error Patterns
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