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Whitlock, Jonathon; Chiu, Judy Yi-Chieh; Sahakyan, Lili – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
We report three item-method directed forgetting (DF) studies to evaluate whether DF impairs primarily item memory, or whether it also impairs associative memory. The current studies used a modified associative recognition paradigm that allowed disentangling item impairment from associative impairment in DF. Participants studied scene-object…
Descriptors: Memory, Associative Learning, Cues, Recognition (Psychology)
Mulligan, Neil W.; Spataro, Pietro; Rossi-Arnaud, Clelia; Wall, Avery R. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Stimuli presented with targets during a monitoring task are better remembered than stimuli presented with distractors, a result referred to as the attentional boost effect (ABE). The ABE is consistently found for item memory, but conflicting results have been reported for different assessments of associative memory, with studies of source memory…
Descriptors: Attention, Memory, Associative Learning, Interference (Learning)
Ju, Jangkyu; Cho, Yang Seok – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Previous studies on value-driven attentional capture (VDAC) have demonstrated that the uncertainty of reward value modulates attentional allocation via associative learning. However, it is unclear whether such attentional exploration is executed based on the amount of potential reward information available for refining value prediction or the…
Descriptors: Attention, Attention Control, Rewards, Associative Learning
Lindsey, Dakota R. B.; Logan, Gordon D. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has long been understood that associations can form between items that are paired (Ebbinghaus, 1885), but it is commonly assumed that previously retrieved items are not used when remembering items in serial order. We present a series of experiments that test this assumption, using a serial learning procedure inspired by Ebenholtz (1963). In…
Descriptors: Information Retrieval, Memory, Serial Ordering, Recall (Psychology)
Antony, James W.; Bennion, Kelly A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Semantic similarity between stimuli can lead to false memories and can also potentially cause retroactive interference (RI) for veridical memories. Here, participants first learned spatial locations for "critical" words that reliably produce false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Next, participants centrally viewed…
Descriptors: Semantics, Task Analysis, Spatial Ability, Ambiguity (Semantics)
Halamish, Vered; Undorf, Monika – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Research has observed that monitoring one's own learning modifies memory for some materials but not for others. Specifically, making judgments of learning (JOLs) while learning word pairs improves subsequent cued-recall memory performance for related word pairs but not for unrelated word pairs. Theories that have attempted to explain this pattern…
Descriptors: Decision Making, Memory, Task Analysis, Recall (Psychology)
Reactivation of Learned Reward Association Reduces Retroactive Interference from New Reward Learning
Huang, Zhibang; Li, Sheng – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Learning to associate specific objects with value contributes to the human's adaptive behavior. However, the intrinsic nature of associative memory posits a challenge that newly learned associations may interfere with the old ones if they share common features (e.g., a reward). In the present study, we conducted a set of behavioral experiments and…
Descriptors: Rewards, Interference (Learning), Associative Learning, Memory
Yu-Chin, Chiu – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Recent context-control learning studies have shown that switch costs are reduced in a particular context predicting a high probability of switching as compared to another context predicting a low probability of switching. These context-specific switch probability effects suggest that control of task sets, through experience, can become associated…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Prior Learning, Task Analysis, Cognitive Ability
Zawadzka, Katarzyna; Hanczakowski, Maciej – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
Attempting to guess an answer to a memory question has repeatedly been shown to benefit memory for the answer compared to merely reading what the answer is, even when the guess is incorrect. In this study, we investigate 2 potential explanations for this effect in a single experimental procedure. According to the semantic explanation, the benefits…
Descriptors: Memory, Guessing (Tests), Semantics, Cues
Meinhardt, Martin J.; Bell, Raoul; Buchner, Axel; Röer, Jan P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
A large body of evidence shows an animacy effect on memory in that animate entities are better remembered than inanimate ones. Yet, the reason for this mnemonic prioritization remains unclear. In the survival processing literature, the assumption that richness of encoding is responsible for adaptive memory benefits has received substantial…
Descriptors: Memory, Prediction, Language Processing, Associative Learning
Miller, Ashley L.; Unsworth, Nash – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In 2 experiments, eye-tracking was used to examine individual differences in attention during encoding and their relation to associative learning. Pupillary responses were used as an indicator of the amount of attention devoted to items, whereas eye fixations provided a means of assessing attentional focus among items within each to-be-remembered…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Memory, Task Analysis, Recall (Psychology)
Kuhlmann, Beatrice G.; Brubaker, Matthew S.; Pfeiffer, Theresa; Naveh-Benjamin, Moshe – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Few studies have compared interference-based forgetting between item versus associative memory. The memory-system dependent forgetting hypothesis (Hardt, Nader, & Nadel, 2013) predicts that effects of interference on associative memory should be minimal because its hippocampal representation allows pattern separation even of highly similar…
Descriptors: Older Adults, Memory, Comparative Analysis, Interference (Learning)
Kalbe, Felix; Schwabe, Lars – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Stimuli encoded shortly before an aversive event are typically well remembered. Traditionally, this emotional memory enhancement has been attributed to beneficial effects of physiological arousal on memory formation. Here, we proposed an additional mechanism and tested whether memory formation is driven by the unpredictable nature of aversive…
Descriptors: Prediction, Memory, Fear, Conditioning
Ngo, Chi T.; Weisberg, Steven M.; Newcombe, Nora S.; Olson, Ingrid R. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Although the hippocampus is implicated in both spatial navigation and associative memory, very little is known about whether individual differences in the 2 domains covary. People who prefer to navigate using a hippocampal-dependent place strategy may show better performance on associative memory tasks than those who prefer a caudate-dependent…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Correlation, Navigation, Association (Psychology)
Heusser, Andrew C.; Ezzyat, Youssef; Shiff, Ilana; Davachi, Lila – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Episodic memories are not veridical records of our lives, but rather are better described as organized summaries of experience. Theories and empirical research suggest that shifts in perceptual, temporal, and semantic information lead to a chunking of our continuous experiences into segments, or "events." However, the consequences of…
Descriptors: Mnemonics, Associative Learning, Memory, Cognitive Processes