Retrieval and response criterion explanations of the effects of text organization on memory were tested in four experiments. More target information was freely recalled when it was high than when low in content structure. Retrieval cues reduced recall differences between information high and low in the structure. (Author/RD)

The results of this study disconfirm the predictions of the decay hypothesis because long-term recency effects appear to result from the use of contextually based retrieval cues. Long-term recency effects were attenuated on immediate recognition tests, while long-term recency effects were found on free recall tests. (DWH)

Results of three experiments indicated that latency of correct recognition was sensitive to the influence of a priming treatment. The magnitude of the priming effect depended on both the taxonomic frequency of the probe items, and the length of the interval between the prime and the recognition test. (Author/RD)

Two experiments examined subjects' ability to recognize or to recall sensible, interrelated sentences, with or without added bizarre sentences, either immediately or after two weeks. Results suggested that processing bizarre information can lead to more accurate recognition and recall of the sensible context. (Author/MH)

Memory for names was queried by single probes consisting of conceptual information about the persons or by double probes combining two single cues. Results were viewed as consistent with Jones's fragmentation hypothesis and with the general class of associative theories of memory. (Author/RD)

The idea was explored that different subjects may use qualitatively different encoding strategies with the same information presented within the same experimental situation. The premise was also studied that different strategies may be evoked by subtle differences in advance instructions or in the context of the task. (Author/MH)

This research had two complementary objectives, descriptive and theoretical. Experiments are described concerning a network model based on human associative memory theory. Subjects were given trait information about a target to create an initial expectancy, then exposed to behavioral information which was either congruent or incongruent with that…

A series of unordered recall tasks was administered to congenitally deaf subjects in three experiments using American Sign Language (ASL). The findings refuted the suffix effect resulting solely from sensory store differences or the effect arising from differences in processing "static" versus "changing-state" input.…

Factors affecting the failure to use world knowledge to complete an otherwise incomplete linear ordering was examined. Failure persisted after three repetitions was unaffected by order of presentation or nature of test procedure. Performance was affected by overall amounts of known and new information and by their relation. (Author/RD)

Two studies investigated the possibility that assessment of confidence is biased by attempts to justify chosen answers. These attempts include selectively focusing on evidence supporting the chosen answer and disregarding contradictory evidence. Results suggest that confidence depends on the amount and strength of evidence supporting the answer…

The nature of the target designation process--which involves forming interassociated mental structures to allow retrieval of individual items of information--was studied. It was shown that visual imagery instructions improved target identification as well as word recognition but did not appear to affect the representational format. (Author/MH)

The ability of preverbal infants to abstract a prototypical representation of a category, when presented with examples of an artifically constructed category, was investigated. It was determined that infants could process visual information constructively and could take a more active role in category formation than previously believed. (Author/MH)

Constructive activity and effects of clarifying context in encoding and retrieval were investigated in a study of memory for mathematical proofs. Results are offered as support of a reconstructive cycle in which context initiates reconstruction; which is redirected or extended by schemata; which is guided by the context. (Author/RD)

The extent to which an orienting activity exerts control over the encoding process was studied. Two experiments were reported in which associative meaningfulness was varied under conditions of semantic and nonsemantic processing. Both experiments showed effects of meaningfulness following both semantic and nonsemantic tasks. (Author/MH)

It was hypothesized that the concept of cognitive effort in memory is both useful and important. Cognitive effort was defined as the engaged proportion of limited- capacity central processing. Four experiments were conducted, and the implications and potential applications of the concept were discussed. (Author/MH)