Evaluating blocked randomized experiments from a potential outcomes perspective has two primary branches of work. The first focuses on larger blocks, with multiple treatment and control units in each block. The second focuses on matched pairs, with a single treatment and control unit in each block. These literatures not only provide different…

In an earlier paper, we presented methods for estimating achievement gaps when test scores are coarsened into a small number of ordered categories, preventing fine-grained distinctions between individual scores. We demonstrated that gaps can nonetheless be estimated with minimal bias across a broad range of simulated and real coarsened data…

Discusses how taking a multilevel perspective on item response modeling addresses certain analytic problems in using latent variables as outcomes in regression analyses. Application of the models to measurement error in the dependent variable of a between-student regression illustrates the adequacy of some National Assessment of Educational…