Promoting computational thinking (CT) through programming activities is crucial for cultivating talent in today's digital landscape. However, recent research have revealed that students often face significant CT challenges during actual programming tasks. While it is widely recognized that additional scaffolding should be provided to support…

Computational Thinking (CT) has evolved as an essential competency for K-12 students, and programming practices are recognized as the key way to facilitate CT development. However, most studies of CT development in middle graders have focused on visual programming, lacking evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of Python programming. Therefore,…