Forum discussions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) play a crucial role in promoting learning engagement and academic achievement. In particular, discussion topics significantly influence learners' emotional and cognitive engagement. However, the complex interrelationships among these factors remain underexplored. This study introduces an…

Although programming is often learned through formal instruction or self-paced tutorials, informal learning, for example, through publicly available online documentation, is also a significant resource for skill development among novices. However, many novices struggle to extract useful information from documentation. This work aims to answer two…

This study examined whether answering focused explanative questions during pauses in an immersive virtual reality (IVR) lesson on pipetting procedures could enhance learning. The goal was to take a generative learning activity, known to be effective for declarative knowledge with conventional media, to the context of procedural knowledge with…

Notwithstanding the growing advantages of incorporating Augmented Reality (AR) in science education, the pedagogical use of AR combined with Pedagogical Agents (PAs) remains underexplored. Additionally, few studies have examined the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) into science education to create GAI-enhanced PAs (GPAs)…

Scientific knowledge is often abstract and challenging, making it difficult for students to apply these concepts effectively. Digital game-based learning (DGBL) offers an engaging and immersive approach, but the fixed resources and predetermined learning paths in most games limit its ability to adapt to individual learners' needs. Large language…

Learning in a virtual environment has been found to foster students' affective responses, indicating the importance of exploring the factors which affect students' learning when engaged in a virtual game. This study aimed to explore the relationships among students' epistemic curiosity, situational interest, and learning engagement in an…

Prior research has emphasized that two-tier tests are an effective approach to guiding students through game tasks; furthermore, self-efficacy, which is potentially related to students' surroundings and academic performance, has a positive impact on students' cognitive outcomes in games. This implies the significance of conducting a study to probe…

Virtual-reality business simulation games (VRBSGs) have garnered attention in management education. However, investigating the design of efficient VRBSGs from an integrated perspective of social cognitive, self-determination, and cognitive load theories is crucial but under-addressed. Therefore, this study developed a VRBSG learning system to…