Background: Online learning has become more prevalent over the past three decades, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educators and scholars have increasingly emphasized the significance of self-directed learning (SDL) on successful learning outcomes in online learning environments. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to synthesize the…

Background Study: Technology-supported learning environments, act as significant observational and enabling indicators for evaluating and encouraging the digital revolution of education, are of vital importance in current educational research. Keeping track of the dynamics of technology-supported learning environment research allows for the…

Background: There is a strong association between interactions and cognitive engagement, which is crucial for constructing new cognition and knowledge. Although interactions and cognitive engagement have attracted extensive attention in online learning environments, few studies have revealed the evolution of cognitive engagement with interaction…

Background: Online collaborative learning has been broadly applied in the field of higher education. Nevertheless, not all types of collaborative learning can produce the desired learning results. Objectives: To facilitate online collaborative learning, the present study proposed an innovative artificial intelligence-enabled group cognitive…

Background: Video-based learning (VBL) is the learning process of acquiring defined knowledge, competence, and skills with the systematic use of video resources. Currently, the relationship between teaching presence and social presence in VBL is underexamined. Objectives: This study examined the relationships between social presence and teaching…

Background: Amidst the increasing application of online education in the post-COVID era, new challenges in student engagement have emerged. However, most studies on online engagement have adopted macro-level approaches and relied on self-report measures of retrospective engagement. Few have examined micro-level engagement in terms of real-time and…

Background: There are deficiencies in ensuring the permanence of some theoretical information taught in nursing education and transferring it to practice environment. Mobile-assisted teaching can be useful to eliminate deficiencies. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mobile-assisted teaching on nursing students' learning…

Background: The growth of online education has provided flexibility and access to a wide range of courses. However, the self-paced and often isolated nature of these courses has been associated with increased dropout and failure rates. Researchers employed machine learning approaches to identify at-risk students, but multiple issues have not been…

Background: There are two major types of pictures that have been the focus of multimedia learning research, namely, seductive and interpretational pictures. Despite an increasing body of literature documenting the effects of either seductive or interpretational pictures added to text-based materials, there is a paucity of research explicitly…

Background: In the field of Learning Design, it is common that researchers analyse manually design artefacts created by practitioners, using pedagogically-grounded approaches (e.g., Bloom's Taxonomy), both to understand and later to support practitioners' design practices. Automatizing these high-level pedagogically-grounded analyses would enable…

Background: Developments in educational technology and learning analytics make it possible to automatically formulate and deploy personalized formative feedback to learners at scale. However, to be effective, the motivational and emotional impacts of such automated and personalized feedback need to be considered. The literature on feedback…

Background: Education is, after gaming, the second largest sector embracing augmented reality (AR) at an accelerated pace, yet studies on AR's potential as an efficient learning environment had mixed results. Objectives: This study's primary objective is to test students' interaction with graphical 3D elements in AR and its impact on information…

Background: Goal setting has been established in the literature as a critical component of self-regulated learning and for effective problem-solving. Yet, surprisingly little attention has been focused on goal-directed behaviour in digital game-based learning environments (GBLEs) despite their expanding use in educational contexts. Objectives: The…

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy is a crucial part of digital literacy that all individuals should possess in today's technologically advanced world. Despite the potential benefits that AI education offers, little research has been done on how to teach AI literacy to children. Objectives: This study aimed to fill that gap by…

Background: The use of crowdsourcing in a pedagogically supported form to partner with learners in developing novel content is emerging as a viable approach for engaging students in higher-order learning at scale. However, how students behave in this form of crowdsourcing, referred to as learnersourcing, is still insufficiently explored.…