Background: Adaptive educational systems have gained increasing attention due to their ability to personalise educational content based on individual learner progress. Prior research highlights that intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and adaptive courseware models improve learning outcomes by dynamically adjusting instructional materials.…

Background: Natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning technologies offer significant advantages, such as facilitating the delivery of reflective feedback in collaborative learning environments while minimising technical constraints for educators related to time and location. Recently, scholars' interest in reflective feedback has…

Background: Artificial intelligence, particularly natural language processing (NLP), enables automating the formative assessment of written task solutions to provide adaptive feedback automatically. A laboratory study found that, compared with static feedback (an expert solution), adaptive feedback automated through artificial neural networks…

Background: Over the past few decades, the process and methodology of automatic question generation (AQG) have undergone significant transformations. Recent progress in generative natural language models has opened up new potential in the generation of educational content. Objectives: This paper explores the potential of large language models…

Background: The recent advent of powerful, exam-passing large language models (LLMs) in public awareness has led to concerns over students cheating, but has also given rise to calls for including or even focusing education on LLMs. There is a perceived urgency to react immediately, as well as claims that AI-based reforms of education will lead to…

Background: Assignments that involve writing based on several texts are challenging to many learners. Formative feedback supporting learners in these tasks should be informed by the characteristics of evolving written product and by the characteristics of learning processes learners enacted while developing the product. However, formative feedback…

Background: The growth of online education has provided flexibility and access to a wide range of courses. However, the self-paced and often isolated nature of these courses has been associated with increased dropout and failure rates. Researchers employed machine learning approaches to identify at-risk students, but multiple issues have not been…

Background: Teachers often rely on the use of open-ended questions to assess students' conceptual understanding of assigned content. Particularly in the context of mathematics; teachers use these types of questions to gain insight into the processes and strategies adopted by students in solving mathematical problems beyond what is possible through…

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies offer unique capabilities for preservice teachers (PSTs) to engage in authentic and real-time interactions using natural language. However, the impact of AI technology on PSTs' responsive teaching skills remains uncertain. Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to examine whether…

Background: Introducing new technologies in education sparks debates, disrupting traditional practices, and requiring teacher adaptation. ChatGPT is an example. Research explores its benefits and concerns in education, with recommendations for classroom use. Nevertheless, limited evidence supports ChatGPT as a tool for supporting English as a…

Background: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) represents a significant technological leap, with platforms like OpenAI's ChatGPT and Baidu's Ernie Bot at the forefront of innovation. This technology has seen widespread adoption across various sectors of society and is anticipated to revolutionise the educational landscape, especially in the…

Background: Analysing classroom dialogue is a widely used approach for understanding students' learning, often requiring team-based collaborative research. This presents a challenge for single researchers due to the labour-intensive nature of the process. Emerging advancements in large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, enhance qualitative…

Background: When learning causal relations, completing causal diagrams enhances students' comprehension judgements to some extent. To potentially boost this effect, advances in natural language processing (NLP) enable real-time formative feedback based on the automated assessment of students' diagrams, which can involve the correctness of both the…

Background: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in Asian universities struggles to integrate Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes (KSA) due to large classes and student reluctance. While ChatGPT offers solutions, its conventional use may hinder independent critical thinking. Objectives: This study introduces PA-GPT,…

Background: Primary school is key to developing writing skills. However, students may face challenges in identifying and revising articles due to weak language skills, organisational thinking, comprehension, and analytical skills. Therefore, improving the writing skills of primary school students with writing difficulties has become important.…