Background: Leaderboards are among the most popular gamification elements in education. Some studies have implemented leaderboards and reported their individual effects on students' learning. Despite the emergence of relevant empirical studies, most of the existing reviews have only investigated the holistic impact of gamification. No previous…

Background: In multimedia learning environments, pedagogical agents have emerged as an innovative tool to enhance digital instruction, yet optimising their design for maximal learning effectiveness remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how specific design elements of pedagogical agents, namely appearance and voice…

Background: Research on cognitive effects of educational games in general shows promising results. However, there are large variations in learning outcomes between individual educational games. Research on the design process and different design elements of educational games has led to some interesting directions, but some design aspects remain…

Background: Driven by the ongoing need to provide high-quality learning and teaching, universities recently have shown an increased interest in using learning analytics (LA) for improving learning design (LD). However, the evidence of such improvements is scarce, and the maturity of such research is unclear. Objectives: This study is aimed to…

Background: Enhancing the effectiveness of online learning has become a key challenge with regard to the ability of blended learning to reach its full potential. However, mechanisms by which students' self-regulated learning (SRL) skills influence their online learning engagement in blended learning and subsequent learning achievement have yet to…

Background: The role of virtual reality (VR) in education is increasing, which raises questions about VR learning in multi-user settings. While collaborative VR learning, characterised by shared goals and low division of labour, is well-researched, cooperative VR learning, which emphasises role differentiation and task interdependence, remains…

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown forced students and teachers to adjust to remote lecturers and digital learning material and design criteria for online classes became the centre of discussion. Objectives: The purpose of this empirical study was to investigate the relationship between design principles of educational online practices in higher…

Background: In the field of Learning Design, it is common that researchers analyse manually design artefacts created by practitioners, using pedagogically-grounded approaches (e.g., Bloom's Taxonomy), both to understand and later to support practitioners' design practices. Automatizing these high-level pedagogically-grounded analyses would enable…

The overarching goal of this research project is to develop a set of theoretical and empirical based design principles to support student engagement in flipped mathematics learning. We used a design-based research approach in which a series of studies was conducted in a secondary school. First, an analysis of practical problems was performed via…

Training design for automatic skills has a vast domain of application, such as education, physical and cognitive rehabilitation, as well as sports, arts and professional training. Gamification concept used in technology-assisted training has the potential to increase motivation, engagement and adherence to the training programme. Currently, the…

Emotions are critical to learning. However, the function of emotions in the emerging context of massive open online courses (MOOCs) has been under-researched. The present study complemented this line of research by modelling the relation between learner emotions, engagement with videos, engagement with assignments, and self-perceived achievement…

The current study investigated college students' experiences of a gamified informatics course. We surveyed 139 students aged 18-31 years (M = 20 years, SD = 1.5) enrolled in an undergraduate informatics course focused on social networking technologies. Surveys were conducted at 3 time points during the course (beginning, middle, and end). Overall,…