Background: Educational technologies typically provide teachers with analytics regarding student proficiency, but few digital tools provide teachers with process-based information about students' variable problem-solving strategies as they solve problems. Utilising design thinking and co-designing with teachers can provide insight to researchers…

Background: Computational thinking (CT) refers to the ability to represent problems, design solutions and migrate solutions computationally. While previous studies have shown that self-explanation can enhance students' learning, few empirical studies have examined the effects of using different self-explanation prompts to cultivate students' CT…

Introduction: While prior research has delved into the emotional aspects of instructional design, it has not extensively examined whether integrating affective features specifically relevant to the theme of the learning materials is essential for enhancing learning effectiveness compared to incorporating general affective features. This study aims…

Background: In multimedia learning environments, pedagogical agents have emerged as an innovative tool to enhance digital instruction, yet optimising their design for maximal learning effectiveness remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how specific design elements of pedagogical agents, namely appearance and voice…

Background: Automatically graded programming assignments provide instant feedback to students and significantly reduce manual grading time for instructors. However, creating comprehensive suites of test cases for programming problems within automatic graders can be time-consuming and complex. The effort needed to define test suites may deter some…

Background: Despite the recognised potential of Virtual Reality (VR) in education, the role of VR in enhancing presentation skills remains uncertain. Mixed findings, coupled with low adoption rates in educational settings, highlight the need to investigate how current VR applications are designed to facilitate effective learning outcomes for…

Background: While a substantial number of studies have investigated English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL/L2 English) anxiety, they predominantly examined it from a unidimensional perspective, overlooking the potential insights offered by examining language-skill-specific L2 anxiety from a multidimensional lens. Moreover, prior research has…

Background: The role of virtual reality (VR) in education is increasing, which raises questions about VR learning in multi-user settings. While collaborative VR learning, characterised by shared goals and low division of labour, is well-researched, cooperative VR learning, which emphasises role differentiation and task interdependence, remains…

Background: Augmented reality (AR) emerges as a technology with considerable promise and substantial potential for pedagogical integration within language education contexts. However, there remains a scarcity of review studies exploring the best practices and principles for oral communication facilitation based on robust theoretical models or…