In the language learning literature, games often deal with foreign language vocabulary, but rarely with learning sentences, and barely with conversations. This study set out to examine the effects of game-based learning on foreign language learners' learning of sentences and discourse-level forms in the following settings: "learning with game…

In e-learning environments, several activities are offered to learners, including learning and assessment activities. During these activities, the learner may encounter difficulties, such as blocking situations or lack of motivation. This paper presents a new approach to detect these difficulties based on the learner's emotional states and…

Spherical video-based virtual reality (SVVR) is a form of virtual reality that employs 360-degree videos to immerse learners in virtual environments. As SVVR can simulate realistic experiences, the current trend of language education is towards more use of it. To examine its current status, this study systematically reviewed 31 articles on…

With the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), online education has been increasingly adopted globally. However, whether the online teaching approach is effective for students' learning engagement and motivation is still an open question. To improve students' learning engagement and motivation to minimize students' indulgent in…

As education is increasingly going online, propelled by the COVID-19 outbreak, how to build student engagement has become critically important, and it is, therefore, necessary to explore the motivators and barriers to student engagement comprehensively. Given the nature of an online learning environment, this study specifically focused on security…

The on-going implementation of the new curriculum of the new education system in Kenya includes the administration of technology in the classroom. In this study, this was achieved through the use of a gamified app in a local private school in Kenya, a gamified Swahili app. As Swahili is the language that is Kenya's national and one of two official…

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is considered to be an important factor contributing to successful foreign language learning. Many studies aim at finding effective tools for enhancing WTC. With the support of AI and Automatic Speech Recognition technology, intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) seem to have potentials in improving foreign…

Drawing from social resource-social capital theory, this paper aims to clarify and characterize the role of harmonious learner--instructor and learner--learner relationships in promoting experience and retaining learners in online learning environments. Hypotheses are tested by applying a structural equation model and the data are collected from a…

This study examines Grade 9 students' mathematics achievement and cognitive engagement under three different instructional approaches: traditional learning, flipped learning with gamification, and online independent study with gamification. The duration of the study lasted an entire school year. The central theories underpinning flipped learning…

The literature suggests that gamified learning interventions may increase student engagement and enhance learning. We empirically investigate this by exploring the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the participation and performance of over 100 undergraduate students in an online gamified learning intervention. The paper makes a…

User retention is a major goal for higher education institutions running their teaching and learning programmes online. This is the first investigation into how the senses of presence and flow, together with perceptions about two central elements of the virtual education environment (didactic resource quality and instructor attitude), facilitate…

The addition of animated pedagogical agents (APAs) in computer-assisted learning (CAL) systems could successfully enhance students' learning motivation and engagement in learning activities. Conventionally, the APA incorporated multimedia materials are constructed through the cooperation of teachers and software programmers. However, the thinking…