Data are fundamental to Learning Analytics (LA) research and practice. However, the ethical use of data, particularly in terms of respecting learners' privacy rights, is a potential barrier that could hinder the widespread adoption of LA in the education industry. Despite the policies and guidelines of privacy protection being available worldwide,…

Activity-centric data gather feedback on students' learning to enhance learning effectiveness. The heterogeneity and multigranularity of such data require existing data models to perform complex on-the-fly computation when responding to queries of specific granularity. This, in turn, results in latency. In addition, existing data models are…

Self-directed learning is generally considered a key competence in higher education. To enable self-directed learning, assessment practices increasingly embrace assessment for learning rather than the assessment of learning, shifting the focus from grades and scores to provision of rich, narrative, and personalized feedback. Students are expected…