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Ifenthaler, Dirk – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2010
The demand for good instructional environments presupposes valid and reliable analytical instruments for educational research. This paper introduces the "SMD Technology" (Surface, Matching, Deep Structure), which measures relational, structural, and semantic levels of graphical representations and concept maps. The reliability and validity of the…
Descriptors: Concept Mapping, Educational Research, Semantics, Validity