Virtual teaching gained momentum for its ability to drive education continuity in times of disruption. As a result, the implementation of virtual teaching has piqued the attention of the higher education sector to leverage the affordances of this mode of instructional delivery, even in times of non-disruption. This study aims to conduct a review…

In the digital age, online learning platforms utilizing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence can provide more diverse and abundant educational resources compared to offline learning environments. However, online learners still face emotional expression and inertia trap problems. Knowledge co-creation virtual teachers (KCVTs) can…