Teachers' digital competence is very significant in terms of integrating digital technologies into the education process. This study aims to develop an up-to-date scale that can determine the digital competencies required for teachers to acquire new skills that arise with the change and development of technology and use them in educational…

The rapid advancement of educational technologies in recent decades has underscored the increasing importance of digital literacy (DL) as a core competency for all students, as recognised in various educational policies and programs. Evaluating students' DL is crucial for providing valuable insights to guide future educational initiatives. This…