Intelligent technology plays a pivotal role in revolutionizing learning assessments, overcoming the constraints of traditional assessment methods and driving educational innovation. Knowledge tracing (KT) emerges as a critical component for assessing students' learning states and forecasting their future performance. However, existing graph-based…

A deep understanding of the learning level of online learners is a critical factor in promoting the success of online learning. Using knowledge structures as a way to understand learning can help analyze online students' learning levels. The study used concept maps and clustering analysis to investigate online learners' knowledge structures in a…