Children experience a variety of messages about racial-ethnic socialization from their parents, teachers, and other sources, who might not answer children's questions about race, or might explicitly promote the idea that race does not matter. However, how such messages affect children's reasoning about disparities, including whether children…

When seeking to explain social regularities (such as gender differences in the labor market) people often rely on internal features of the targets, frequently neglecting structural and systemic factors external to the targets. For example, people might think women leave the job market after childbirth because they are less competent or are better…

Development of reasoning is often depicted as involving increasing use of relational similarities and decreasing use of perceptual similarities ("the perceptual-to-relational shift"). We argue that this shift is a special case of a broader developmental trend: increasing sensitivity to the predictive accuracy of different similarity types. To test…