Institutions can capitalize on the ties alumni and friends have to a particular unit of the university. The question of how to organize fund-raising efforts both to take advantage of this loyalty and to get individual units more involved is discussed. Four models are described. (MLW)

A blended system strikes a balance between centralized and decentralized fund-raising. Fund-raising should concentrate on serving the needs of people, not just on raising dollars. (MLW)

Scientific research on development in higher education is limited and fragmented. Fund-raising research has provided information on whether a winning football team helps raise outside support, donor behavior, how much institutions spend on fund raising, major ethical issues fund raisers face, etc. (MLW)

The more that is known about what appeals to alumni, nonalumni, businesses, and other types of organizations, the more institutions will know which traits to stress in fund-raising appeals. Year-to-year variations in the amounts of money given to education by different groups were studied. (MLW)