From the experiences of a small island state such as Malta are derived features affecting adult continuing education: (1) emigration; (2) the urgency to retool labor; (3) need for flexible specialization or multifunctionality; (4) ease with which expert status can be assumed; and (5) cosmopolitan character. (SK)

Adult education in China is largely geared to political and economic ends. In accordance with tradition, content is delivered by experts and specialists with a high degree of formal structure and little student participation. A national teacher training system is needed. (SK)

Development of adult continuing education in Cyprus has been influenced by political developments, dependence on foreign models and institutions, the low socioeconomic status of the target population, a different tradition from mainstream education, emphasis on socioeconomic over cultural advancement motives, and its use as a spearhead for…

The transition of Estonia from totalitarian to democratic society poses challenges for adult education. Changes already taking place include voluntary training, use of private sector schools, opportunities for study abroad, reestablishment of folk high schools, and formation of the Adult Education Association of Estonia. (SK)

Slow growth of female literacy in Pakistan can be attributed to negative attitudes toward the status of women; religious, social, and political factors; and poverty, among others. Males receive more education than females, especially in rural areas. (SK)