Results of 5 experiments supported the hypothesis that many nonlearners in a multipair visual discrimination learning task were following position rather than object strategies and that it was possible to predict individual subjects' strategies from previous performances. (Authors)

Examined Bowlby's proposition that early experiences and the adaptations to which they give rise influence later development, even beyond the influence of current circumstances or very recent adaptation. Groups whose adaptation were similar during preschool years but consistently different earlier were defined and compared. Results supported…

Results demonstrate that 12 - 15 - week-old male infants smile to nonsocial stimuli, and offers support for the recognition hypothesis of infant smiling. (Authors/MB)

Based on 25 white middle-class infants from 9 to 12 months of age, the earliest manifestation of obedience to appear was a simple disposition to comply with maternal commands and prohibitions, independent of efforts to train or discipline the baby. (Authors/RY)

Four hypotheses were derived from the proposition that positive self-concept is due partly to an ability to utilize self-initiated verbal reinforcement. (Authors)

Mothers' and teachers' ratings showed that children of in-remission and in-episode mothers manifested significantly higher levels of behavior problems than children of control mothers. Agreement between mothers and teachers was moderate for all groups. (RH)

This study examines the prevalence, stability, and development of physical aggression, as reported by mothers and fathers, in a sample of children initially recruited at 12, 24, and 36 months (N=2,253) and in a subsample followed up 1 year later (n=271) in a cross-sequential design. Physical aggression occurred in 12-month-olds, but significantly…

This study tests the hypothesis that, during adolescence, antisocial behavior becomes positively associated with peer acceptance. This hypothesis was tested considering both classroom and out-of-class peer relations. Data from a previously published study, with a cross-sectional sample of 577 Italian 11- to 13-year-olds, were used. Analyses showed…

Subjects were trained against their initial dimensional preference in a two-dimensional simultaneous discrimination learning task. (RH)

A data analysis procedure for testing the hypothesis that one task is a developmental prerequisite for another task is illustrated. The procedure was applied to new data on the acquisition of conservation concepts to test the hypothesis that synthesis, visual-scanning skills, and memory capacity are prerequisites of conservation mastery. (JMB)

Two experiments explored whether children's correct answers to counter factual and future hypothetical questions were based on an understanding of possibilities. Children played a game in which a toy mouse could run down either 1 of 2 slides. Children found it difficult to mark physically both possible outcomes, compared to reporting a single…

Two experiments examined hyperactive children's tendency to underfocus their attention during learning. Taken together, the results of both experiments demonstrated the validity of the attentional diffusion hypothesis and indicate the need to assess the central processing demands associated with central and incidental learning in order to evaluate…

Behavioral pattern of deficits observed in dyslexic children is quite similar to adults who have sustained damage to the left cerebral hemisphere. (Authors)

It was tentatively concluded that identification may contribute to the recognition that moral principles and not external sanctions form the basis of right and wrong, but not to the application of these principles to one's own behavior in the absence of authority. (Author)

When high anxious mothers administered tasks to their children, they facilitated the task performance of their daughters but were strongly detrimental to that of their sons. Low anxious mothers chose more difficult tasks for sons than for daughters, and they facilitated the task performance of sons more than that of daughters. (Authors/RY)