Results of 5 experiments supported the hypothesis that many nonlearners in a multipair visual discrimination learning task were following position rather than object strategies and that it was possible to predict individual subjects' strategies from previous performances. (Authors)

Results demonstrate that 12 - 15 - week-old male infants smile to nonsocial stimuli, and offers support for the recognition hypothesis of infant smiling. (Authors/MB)

Based on 25 white middle-class infants from 9 to 12 months of age, the earliest manifestation of obedience to appear was a simple disposition to comply with maternal commands and prohibitions, independent of efforts to train or discipline the baby. (Authors/RY)

Four hypotheses were derived from the proposition that positive self-concept is due partly to an ability to utilize self-initiated verbal reinforcement. (Authors)

It was tentatively concluded that identification may contribute to the recognition that moral principles and not external sanctions form the basis of right and wrong, but not to the application of these principles to one's own behavior in the absence of authority. (Author)

When high anxious mothers administered tasks to their children, they facilitated the task performance of their daughters but were strongly detrimental to that of their sons. Low anxious mothers chose more difficult tasks for sons than for daughters, and they facilitated the task performance of sons more than that of daughters. (Authors/RY)

Results of this study were interpreted in terms of the social control function served by the public schools. (Author/RY)

Intergroup attitudes were assessed in European American 1st-grade (M=6.99 years, SD=0.32) and 4th-grade (M=10.01 years, SD=0.36) children (N=138) attending ethnically homogeneous schools to test hypotheses about racial biases and interracial friendships. An Ambiguous Situations Task and an Intergroup Contact Assessment were administered to all…