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Newborns' Asymmetrical Processing of Order from Sequentially Presented Magnitudes
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Martina Arioli; Valentina Silvestri; Angelo Petrelli; Daniela Morniroli; Maria Lorella Giannì; Hermann Bulf; Viola Macchi Cassia – Child Development, 2025
Four-month-old infants extract ordinal information in number-based and size-based visual sequences, provided that magnitude changes involve increasing relations. Here the ontogenetic origins of ordinal processing were investigated between 2018 and 2022 by testing newborns' discrimination of reversal in numerosity (Experiment 1, N = 22 White, 11…
Descriptors: Infants, Neonates, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Development
Trajectories of the Late Positive Potential across Childhood and Adolescence: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study
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Alison E. Calentino; Nathan M. Hager; Elise M. Adams; Aline K. Szenczy; Lindsay Dickey; Autumn Kujawa; Greg Hajcak; Brady D. Nelson; Daniel N. Klein – Child Development, 2025
The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential reflecting affective processing, may exhibit developmental shifts in magnitude and scalp location. In the present longitudinal study, 501 youth (47.3% female; 89.4% White; 12.0% Hispanic) completed the emotion interrupt task to elicit the LPP to neutral, positive, and negative images at…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Children, Adolescents
The Role of Controllability and Foreseeability in Children's Counterfactual Emotions
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Alicia K. Jones; Shalini Gautam; Jonathan Redshaw – Child Development, 2025
Counterfactual emotions such as regret may aid future decision-making by encouraging people to focus on controllable features of personal past events. However, it remains unclear when children begin to preferentially focus on controllable features of such events. Across two studies, Australian 4-9-year-olds (N = 336, 168 females; data collected…
Descriptors: Childrens Attitudes, Psychological Patterns, Decision Making, Emotional Response
Longitudinal Trajectories of Aperiodic EEG Activity in Early to Middle Childhood
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Dashiell D. Sacks; Viviane Valdes; Carol L. Wilkinson; April R. Levin; Charles A. Nelson; Michelle Bosquet Enlow – Child Development, 2025
Aperiodic electroencephalography (EEG) activity is hypothesized to index biological mechanisms that underpin brain functioning. This longitudinal study characterized the developmental trajectories of the aperiodic slope (i.e., aperiodic exponent) and offset from infancy to 7 years of age in a US community sample (N = 391, 46.5% female,…
Descriptors: Brain, Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Development, Child Development
Six-Year-Olds, but Not Younger Children, Consider the Probability of Being Right by Chance When Inferring Others' Knowledge
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Rosie Aboody; Julianna Lu; Stephanie Denison; Julian Jara-Ettinger – Child Development, 2025
When determining what others know, we intuitively consider not only whether they succeed but also their probability of success in the absence of knowledge (e.g., random guessing). Across three experiments (n = 240 North American 4-6-year-olds, data collected between 2020-2023) we find that 4-year-olds understand that tasks with a lower probability…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Age Differences, Childrens Attitudes, Abstract Reasoning
From Uncertainty to Performance Optimization: Longitudinal Insights into Metacognitive Development
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Qianqian Wan; Olivera Savic; Mengcun Gao; Robby Ralston; Allison P. O'Leary; Vladimir M. Sloutsky – Child Development, 2025
This longitudinal study investigates metacognitive development in children aged four to six (N = 148; 74 girls; 106 White, 21 multiracial, 17 Black, 3 Asian, 1 Latino; collected in 2017-2019) compared to adults (N = 26, 13 women; collected in 2022). We assessed metacognitive monitoring and control using experimenter-elicited and self-generated…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Cognitive Development, Child Development, Preschool Children
EEG Theta Power in Bangladeshi Children: Associations with Early Experiences and Cognitive Outcomes
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Eileen F. Sullivan; Ran Wei; Shahria Kakon; Talat Shama; Fahmida Tofail; William A. Petri; Rashidul Haque; Charles A. Nelson III – Child Development, 2025
Identifying the neural processes that underlie the association between children's early adverse experiences and cognitive development could inform more effective intervention strategies. The goal of the current study (data collected 2015-2021) was to examine relations among early experiences at 6 months, electroencephalography (EEG) theta power at…
Descriptors: Trauma, Child Development, Cognitive Development, Intervention
The Dynamics of Caregiver Unpredictability Shape Moment-to-Moment Infant Looking during Dyadic Interaction
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Tess Allegra Forest; Layla Bradford; Lorna Ginnell; Maroussia Berger; Donna Herr; Emmie Mbale; Kavindya Dalawella; Chloë A. Jacobs; Chikondi Mchazime; Celia D'Amato; Zamazimba Madi; Pious Clifford Mkaka; Claudia Espinoza-Heredia; Tembeka Mhlakwaphalwa; Vukiwe Ngoma; Monique Gilmore; Marlie Miles; Jinge Ren; Nwabisa Mlandu; Reese Samuels; Michal R. Zieff; Melissa Gladstone; Kirsten A. Donald; Dima Amso – Child Development, 2025
Cognitive development is associated with how predictable caregivers are, but the mechanisms driving this are unclear. One possibility is caregiver predictability initially shapes how infants gather information for learning. Here, caregiver-infant dyads (N = 222, 2-6-months-old, all female caregivers; data collected 2022-2023) in South Africa and…
Descriptors: Child Caregivers, Caregiver Child Relationship, Infants, Eye Movements
Beyond Average Outcomes: A Latent Profile Analysis of Diverse Developmental Trajectories in Preterm and Early Term-Born Children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
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Iris Menu; Lanxin Ji; Tanya Bhatia; Mark Duffy; Cassandra L. Hendrix; Moriah E. Thomason – Child Development, 2025
Preterm birth poses a major public health challenge, with significant and heterogeneous developmental impacts. Latent profile analysis was applied to the National Institutes of Health Toolbox performance of 1891 healthy prematurely born children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (970 boys, 921 girls; 10.00 ± 0.61 years;…
Descriptors: Child Development, Premature Infants, Cognitive Development, Scores
Childcare Center Attendance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Boosting Cognitive and Language Development
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Marigen Narea; Pamela Soto-Ramírez; Alejandra Abufhele – Child Development, 2025
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the significance of early childhood education and care (ECEC) for children's development. We investigated the impact of attendance at ECEC programs following a closure period due to the pandemic. We used linear regression with a lagged dependent variable to examine assessments of children's cognitive and receptive…
Descriptors: Child Care, Attendance, COVID-19, Pandemics
EEG N1 Specialization to Print in Chinese Primary School Students: Developmental Trajectories, Longitudinal Changes, and Individual Differences
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Shuting Huo; Jason Chor Ming Lo; Kelvin Fai Hong Lui; Urs Maurer; Catherine Mcbride – Child Development, 2025
Neural specialization for print can be indexed by the left-lateralized N1 response as a tuning gradient to visual words, indicated by sensitivity (character vs. visual control) and selectivity (character vs. character-like stimuli). Forty-five Chinese children (20 boys) were recorded with EEG twice with a 2-year interval during a character…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Children, Brain, Specialization
Object Exploration Is Facilitated by the Physical and Social Environment in Center-Based Child Care
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Ine H. van Liempd; Ora Oudgenoeg-Paz; Paul P. M. Leseman – Child Development, 2025
Object exploration is considered a driver of motor, cognitive, and social development. However, little is known about how early childhood education and care settings facilitate object exploration. This study examined if children's exploration of objects during free play was facilitated by the use of particular spatial components (floor, tables,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Toddlers, Preschool Children, Object Manipulation