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Direct linkRosie Aboody; Caiqin Zhou; Julian Jara-Ettinger – Child Development, 2025
As adults, we do not expect ignorant agents to behave randomly or always get things wrong. Instead, we expect them to act reasonably, guided by past experiences. We test whether 4-to-6-year-olds share this intuition and use it to infer others' knowledge, or whether they rely on a simple "ignorance = error" heuristic identified in past…
Descriptors: Early Experience, Expectation, Young Children, Inferences
Laura Schlingloff-Nemecz; Maayan Stavans; Barbu Revencu; Kazuhide Hashiya; Hiromi Kobayashi; Gergely Csibra – Child Development, 2025
A series of experiments conducted in Central Europe (Hungary, Austria) and East Asia (Japan) probed whether 5- to 10-year-old children (n = 436, 213 female) and adults (n = 71, 43 female; all data collected between July 2020 and May 2023) would infer traits and choose partners accordingly, in a novel touchscreen game. The participants observed…
Descriptors: Children, Inferences, Computer Games, Animation
Kirsten H. Blakey; Eva Rafetseder; Giacomo Melis; Ariane Veit; Kea Amelung; Franziska Freudensprung; Kinga Kovacs; Zsófia Virányi – Child Development, 2025
Some philosophers argue that reflection is key to rational thinking. By tying reflective thinking to language, they struggle to account for minimally verbal infants and exclude nonhuman animals. This study assessed processing of undermining defeaters--a basic form of reflective thinking--in 36 two-year-old British children (13 female; M[subscript…
Descriptors: Toddlers, Cognitive Processes, Reflection, Thinking Skills
Miranda N. Long; Darko Odic – Child Development, 2025
Children rely on their Approximate Number System to intuitively perceive number. Such adaptations often exhibit sensitivity to real-world statistics. This study investigates a potential manifestation of the ANS's sensitivity to real-world statistics: a negative power-law distribution of objects in natural scenes should be reflected in children's…
Descriptors: Number Concepts, Numeracy, Intuition, Mathematics Education
Tillman, Katharine A.; Walker, Caren M. – Child Development, 2022
This study explored children's causal reasoning about the past and future. U.S. adults (n = 60) and 3-to-6-year-olds (n = 228) from an urban, middle-class population (49% female; [approximately] 45% white) participated between 2017 and 2019. Participants were told three-step causal stories and asked about the effects of a change to the second…
Descriptors: Time Perspective, Preschool Children, Thinking Skills, Logical Thinking
Ju, Narae; Williams, Natalie; Sedivy, Julie; Chambers, Craig G.; Graham, Susan A. – Child Development, 2023
This study examined 4- and 5-year-olds' incremental interpretation of size adjectives, focusing on whether contrastive inferences are modulated by speaker behavior. Children (N = 120, 59 females, mostly White, tested between July, 2018 and August, 2019) encountered either a conventional or unconventional speaker who labeled objects in a…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Inferences, Interpersonal Communication, Behavior
