Constructs an evolutionary sequence to account for the diversity of ion pumps found today. Explanations include primary ion pumps in bacteria, features and distribution of ATP-driven pumps, preference for cation transport, and proton pump reversal. The integrated evolutionary hypothesis should encourage new experimental approaches. (DH)

Discusses various bioethical issues and problems related to animal welfare and animal rights. Areas examined include: Aristotelian views; animal welfare legislation; Darwin and evolutionary theory; animal and human behavior; and vegetarianism. A 14-point universal declaration of the rights of animals is included. (JN)

The meaning and history of the term symbiosis is discussed. The role of symbiosis in evolution is suggested. Research in the field of endocytobiology on symbiotic relationships is proposed. (CW)

Illustrates an account of the University of Illinois Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO) system of individualized instruction by describing four undergraduate topics. (AL)

Cites the public image problem of field biologists and systematists. Discusses systematics and natural history including species variation, ecology, management of organisms and appreciation of nature. Describes widespread fallacies which downplay the importance of field biology and suggests ways to improve its image. (CW)