Publication Date
| In 2026 | 0 |
| Since 2025 | 0 |
| Since 2022 (last 5 years) | 0 |
| Since 2017 (last 10 years) | 1 |
| Since 2007 (last 20 years) | 2 |
Descriptor
Source
| Behavioral Disorders | 3 |
Author
| McIntosh, Kent | 2 |
| Smolkowski, Keith | 2 |
| Cullinan, Douglas | 1 |
| Gion, Cody | 1 |
| Girvan, Erik J. | 1 |
| Horner, Robert H. | 1 |
| Kauffman, James M. | 1 |
| Nese, Rhonda N. T. | 1 |
Publication Type
| Journal Articles | 3 |
| Reports - Research | 2 |
| Reports - Evaluative | 1 |
Education Level
| Elementary Education | 2 |
| High Schools | 2 |
| Elementary Secondary Education | 1 |
| Junior High Schools | 1 |
| Middle Schools | 1 |
| Secondary Education | 1 |
Audience
Location
Laws, Policies, & Programs
Assessments and Surveys
What Works Clearinghouse Rating
Peer reviewed
Download full text
Direct linkGion, Cody; McIntosh, Kent; Smolkowski, Keith – Behavioral Disorders, 2018
The present study examined the extent to which racial disproportionality in office discipline referrals (ODRs) exists between American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White students in elementary (n = 140), middle (n = 67), and high (n = 48) schools. A multilevel logistic regression model was applied to examine overall levels of ODR…
Descriptors: Racial Differences, American Indian Students, Alaska Natives, White Students
Smolkowski, Keith; Girvan, Erik J.; McIntosh, Kent; Nese, Rhonda N. T.; Horner, Robert H. – Behavioral Disorders, 2016
Racial disparities in rates of exclusionary school discipline are well documented and seemingly intractable. However, emerging theories on implicit bias show promise in identifying effective interventions. In this study, we used school discipline data from 1,666 elementary schools and 483,686 office discipline referrals to identify specific…
Descriptors: Disproportionate Representation, Elementary School Students, Teacher Student Relationship, Intervention
Cullinan, Douglas; Kauffman, James M. – Behavioral Disorders, 2005
African American students are disproportionately likely to be identified with the emotional disturbance (ED) education disability. To investigate how teachers' perceptions of students might vary by race, we analyzed Black and White teachers' ratings of 769 students with ED, subdivided by race and grade level, on six emotional and behavior problem…
Descriptors: Racial Bias, Identification, Behavior Problems, Disproportionate Representation
