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Applied Linguistics

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Spada, Nina M.

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Relationships between Instructional Differences and Learning Outcomes: A Process-product Study of Communicative Language Teaching.

Peer reviewed

Spada, Nina M. – Applied Linguistics, 1987

Classroom observation of three adult English as a second language classes and pre- and post-testing of students for proficiency were used to investigate the relationships between instructional processes and learning outcomes. The observation scheme, Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching, and the various results are described in detail.…

Descriptors: Adult Learning, Classroom Environment, Classroom Observation Techniques, Communicative Competence (Languages)