This study examines the lexical representation and recall of abstract words by beginning L2 learners of Spanish in the light of the predictions of the dual coding theory (Paivio 1971; Paivio and Desrochers 1980). Ninety-seven learners (forty-four males and fifty-three females) were randomly placed in the picture or non-picture group and taught…

In winter and spring 1995, the Western Center for Community College Development, in Oregon, undertook a 2-year project to develop the Contextual Learning Institute and Consortium to train teachers in contextual teaching, or instruction linked to the real life domains of students, and implement this methodology in a variety of subjects at the high…