The past decades witness an ongoing interest in reconceptualizing writing as digital multimodal composing (DMC). The emergence of language and multimodal generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools leads to new forms of DMC processes and products. Yet prior studies have mostly examined non-GAI-assisted DMC, and few have explored how…

This 25-item test is intended to help educators identify whether students process language primarily through auditory, visual, or kinesthetic means. In the first five sections of this 9-minute test, students are instructed to read five 3-paragraph sets and select the paragraph in each set that is easiest for them to read. In questions 6 through 15…

This paper discusses the results of a study of 27 college students with deafness that investigated whether cognitive processes are modality dependent in individuals with deafness. The experiment included two separate parts, one composed of shape trials and the other composed of word trials. An initial stimulus was shown on a computer screen for…