Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) is associated with willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC). Although affective mediators (e.g. enjoyment and anxiety) have been found to influence the relationship between IDLE and L2 WTC, it is unclear whether cognitive factors influence IDLE's effects on L2 WTC. This study aims to fill…

This article reports on a mixed methods study that examined the effect of reference of comparison (self-referential vs. normative) and regulatory focus (promotion-focused vs. prevention-focused) on willingness to communicate (WTC) among learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). One hundred female English learners were randomly assigned to…

The purpose of the study was to identify how the designed instructional model moderated the vocabulary-related anxieties in students when they communicated in the media internationally. The methodological approach used in the study was aimed at controlling and manipulating variables which were as follows: The level of vocabulary anxiety related to…

The merits of the application of flow theory in foreign language teaching have been demonstrated in recent research. This experimental study was aimed at investigating the role of task type and modality in the perception of flow experience by learners as they are engaged in communication tasks. The participants were 78 non-English major university…

Building on situated emotion framework, this study examined the variations in foreign language (FL) enjoyment, anxiety, boredom, and burnout between urban and rural students in China. The sample included 1,455 urban (55.6% male) and 546 rural students (53% male) (M[subscript age] = 15.41). Data were gathered through self-administered…

This study investigated willingness to communicate (WTC) and learning anxiety while immersing students in video dubbing (VDUB) activities using a peer instruction learning strategy. A total of 63 students participated in the study. The control group (CG) of 33 students used a teacher-led VDUB learning method, while the experimental group (EG) of…

Public speaking, especially in a foreign language, is associated with increased anxiety. Research has shown the potential of virtual reality (VR) for simulating real-life experiences, allowing for public speaking practice in an ecological and safe environment. This between-subjects study investigated the effect of VR on foreign language anxiety…

Purpose: The lack of attention given to administrative staff calls for a study to consider their concerns regarding the learning and use of English to communicate in internationalized universities. This case study aimed to investigate how adequately administrative staff have learned and used English to communicate with international students in an…

Learners' anxiety has drawn widespread attention in the field of second language/foreign language (L2/FL) teaching and learning (e.g. classroom anxiety, communication (with foreigners) anxiety, and anxiety associated with the four macro-skills, namely listening, reading, speaking, and writing). However, this topic is under-explored in L2/FL public…

An increasing number of research is focusing on L2 grit, which plays a significant role in SLA. But few studies examine the factors that affect L2 grit. This study investigates the internal predictors influencing L2 grit in Chinese college students, specifically focusing on L2 willingness to communicate (WTC), L2 anxiety and L2 joy. A structural…

Speaking in a second/foreign language, especially in English, is one of the most anxiety-provoking tasks for language learners. Anxiety provoked while speaking in a second language distresses the learners and further affects their oral proficiency in English. This article focuses on investigating the presence of anxiety among (n = 86) first-year…

In the growing body of research on individual differences in second language (L2) acquisition, this study aims to explore the relationships among the emotions of foreign language enjoyment, anxiety, and willingness to communicate (WTC) among Korean secondary learners. A total of 111 participants completed a questionnaire with closed- and…

This study attempted to examine the relationship between participation in extracurricular activities and levels of Communication Apprehension (CA) among English as a foreign language (EFL) students and explore the students' perspectives of how extracurricular activities affect their communication skills. The study addressed the following two…

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has extensively been reported to interfere with second language learning and performance. To mitigate anxiety, researchers have called for the inclusion of technology into foreign language classes and providing learners with corrective feedback on their performance. One factor that may affect the comprehensibility of…

While foreign language anxiety has received abundant empirical attention, its relationship with foreign language enjoyment and specific language skills is not clearly understood. The present study explores the relationships between Chinese EFL learners' foreign language listening anxiety (FLLA), foreign language enjoyment (FLE), and listening…