This paper investigates England's A-level Chinese examination from teachers' perspectives. This examination is one of the subject-based qualifications typically taken by students at the age of 18 who plan to go to university. Despite the government's promotion of Chinese teaching in different educational settings, there remains a lack of empirical…

The constructs of complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) have been used extensively to investigate learner performance on second language tasks. However, a serious concern is that the variables used to measure these constructs are sometimes used conventionally without any empirical justification. It is crucial for researchers to understand how…