This study explores the role of cognitive task complexity in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curriculum development and its impact on learner engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes. A mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, was employed to gain comprehensive insights into the topic. The qualitative…

Motivation as one of the most important areas in language learning has been extensively investigated based on various models and theories. Recent motivational theories on L2 learning emphasized the importance of the possible 'selves' in motivating learners. This paper analyzes and compares the two constructs of Ought-to L2 self and Ideal L2 self…