Comparative judgement is a relatively new way of facilitating peer-assessment where students are shown pairs of other students' work and judge which of the two is better. Literature on example-based learning suggests that students should be able to learn from comparative judgement. We present the case of one student, Josie, whose understanding of…

Building from the evidence-based learning progression in geometric reasoning from the RMFII project, this paper presents data from students' solutions to three problems in geometry and measurement situations to identify key components needed to nurture reasoning. To show emerging analytical reasoning students must coordinate multiple pieces of…

The aim of research was validation of a method for the assessment of cognitive complexity of chemical technology problem tasks. The method included an assessment of the difficulty of concepts and an assessment of their interactivity. As a research instrument for assessing performance, test of knowledge was used. Each task in the test was followed…

Within the context of complex cognitive processing and educational interventions, Woolfolk (2016) makes reference to problem solving acquisition, problem solving retention, and problem solving transfer. In each of the aforementioned types of problem solving activities, problem identification and problem representation (reflecting procedural…

This paper focuses on Emergent bilinguals (EBs) who traditionally face unequal opportunities to learn mathematics, harming their identities. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how a fifth grade teacher cultivated the development of her EBs' mathematical identities by giving them opportunities to participate in cognitively demanding…

The phenomenon of wheel spinning refers to students attempting to solve problems on a particular skill, but becoming stuck due to an inability to learn the skill. Past research has found that students who do not master a skill quickly tend not to master it at all. One question is why do students wheel spin? A plausible hypothesis is that students…

The study described herein is part of a larger, inclusive research study exploring the effects of model-eliciting activities (MEAs) of "real-life" situations on the development of students' mathematical creativity. This part aim at revealing students' cognitive abilities that are involved in the creative modeling processes using a…

Pat was a 19-year-old attending a Special School for the Intellectually Disabled in Indonesia. She was interviewed by the first author regarding her mental calculation strategies when solving 1- and 2-digit addition and subtraction problems. Results indicate that she was able to see ten as a unit composed of ten ones and was facile in using…

The ability of 2-year-olds to carry out a forward search strategy was examined in a study of performance on platform rotation problems. One group of children was tested successively on two analogous versions of a task. The two versions shared the same underlying principle but had different surface characteristics. A control group was given an…

Activity theory is a perspective that is largely rooted in the writing of Soviet psychologists. One of the premises of the theory is that human behavior and thinking occur within meaningful contexts as people conduct purposeful goal directed activity. The primary unit of psychological study should be socially organized human activity, rather than…

The reasoning of adolescents in indeterminate situations was examined with particular attention given to how individuals incorporate the possibility that outcomes are determined jointly by more than one variable. Kuhn and Brannock's (1977) plant problem and two other similarly structured problems were administered to 25 inner-city adolescents…

The present paper aims to propose a theoretical reflection in order to overcome a strong tradition in psychology concerning the analysis of cognition and affectivity as dichotomic processes explaining human behaviours. A general theory of the human subject is presented to discussion, followed by the proposition of a new unit of analysis for the…

Investigated longitudinally were individual differences in 1- and 2-year-olds' exploratory behavior and their relationship to problem-solving ability. Of particular interest was the stability of exploratory and problem-solving behaviors across the second year of life. It was expected that stability of exploratory behavior would be found in terms…

When the term "problem" is defined as a task requiring analysis and reasoning toward a goal, it is seen that the performance of the problem solver is narrowly delimited by the domain, form, and complexity of the problem and the characteristics of the solver. Tenets of a unified theory of problem solving are discussed, concerning what the…

Studies of over 100 chess players at varying skill levels and ages show the ways in which experts and nonexperts differ in problem-solving strategies. Important differences are found at all stages of problem solving. The most significant differences appear to be before and after the evaluation of alternatives ("sizing up" the problem,…