Examines the theoretical legacy of challenge and support for college students. Identifies generic elements for applying these concepts to learners. Describes model for the design of programs and activities that include the provision of specific challenge and support considerations to meet program goals and individual student needs. (ABL)

Presents examples of how an understanding of Perry's theory of intellectual development can increase the faculty member's or student personnel worker's understanding of students and improve communication. The theory is translated into developmental clues based on student comments, which can be used for practitioner training. (JAC)

Individual states' educational policy reforms in the 1980s were aimed at improving the quality of both science education and mathematics education in elementary and secondary schools. Many states have raised standards for teacher certification, increased course requirements for graduation, revised state curriculum frameworks, and established new…