Formal education in Iran, especially higher education, has been a means to smoothen the road to social mobility, provide good jobs, and boost people's earnings. Now, being a university graduate and remaining unemployed is regarded as a challenge. In addition, governments consider this new unemployment a threat to their legitimacy. It seems that…

Presents a five-level taxonomy classifying counseling problems in hierarchical order. Each level is composed of inappropriate behaviors, cognitions, or expectations. Discusses interrelated characteristics which decrease from the highest to the lowest level. Gives an example of the use of the taxonomy. (Author/RC)

Science Monographs, published by the National Institute of Mental Health, are book-length, integrative state-of-the-art reviews, critical evaluations of findings, or program assessments of current research on topics related to the NIMH mandate. This set of articles concentrate on mental illness in the family. "Depression and Low-Income,…

Addresses the problem of cruelty to animals from a research perspective. Studies of possible causes of childhood cruelty to animals are reviewed and common contributing environmental factors are identified. Implications for educators are discussed and directives for detection and prevention of cruelty are suggested. (ML)

Presents an emotional model that describes the sequence of emotions that occur when the expression of feelings is avoided or impossible and discusses its use in counseling Vietnam veterans. Describes prerequisite counseling skills and related information, based in part on personal experience and the comments of contemporary writers. (JAC)

Reviews selected research on personal and family stress and outlines some of the most effective strategies for stress management. Topics include effective management strategies for individuals, families under stress, stress pile-ups, conflicting role expectations, and effective coping strategies for families. (CT)

Considers role of research in helping counselors examine their assumptions regarding the complex issue of abortion. Concludes issues that are not resolved in open social forums are likely to be the issues for which clients seek resolution behind counselor's open door. (Author/ABL)

Research directed toward combatting the problem of domestic violence involves consideration of certain variables related to implementing treatment regimens for battering males. The various characteristics of this population are discernable; the relationship of these factors has important implications for therapeutic intervention. The design and…

This article considers the validity of the widely-held notion that exercising for physical fitness also reduces stress. The ways in which researchers define "stress" and "fitness" are described. Several researchers comment on the subject and various research projects are discussed. (JL)

In this article I use the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the contextual foundation from which to discuss issues concerning the unfortunate perpetuation of historical trauma through escalations in fear, miscommunication, resentment, and anger. I examine the concept of forgiveness in similar vein regarding its ability to redirect memory toward…

Examines the effect that a substance abuser may have on the family system and the maladaptive roles sometimes assumed by family members. Discusses dysfunctional family phases and therapeutic issues and presents 11 guidelines for counselors working with chemically dependent families. (JAC)

The literary field offers an especially rich array of examples of the insight phenomenon and demonstrates that insight experiences occur outside the problem-solving paradigm of cognitive science. Analysis shows that the seemingly unitary moment of insight is actually a microgenetic sequence (a rapid sequence of developmental change) deeply…

It is estimated that 29 million American children have alcoholic parents. The author documents the unstable environment and psychological consequences suffered by these children, who are at great risk to become alcoholics themselves. (Editor)

Identifies psychological and social effects of the economy on the family and on school-age children during periods of high unemployment and general economic distress. Proposals on how school counselors can assist children and their families during economically difficult times are suggested. (NRB)

In response to Heppner, Witty, and Dixon's rigorous review of 20 years of research on problem-solving appraisal, our commentary emphasizes the hygiological focus of the work and the value of this research to the field of counseling psychology. Furthermore, we hope to increase the effect of positive problem-solving appraisal by outlining a portion…