Learning and attitude change are two cognitive processes essential to therapeutic change in counseling. Recently two cognitive models that reflect current research and theory, one focusing on learning and the other on attitude change, have each been applied to counseling with promising results. Martin's cognitive instructional counseling (CIC) is…

Outlines a framework for analyzing research and development trends in classroom management and school effectiveness in terms of (1) learners and learning, (2) teacher education, (3) educational programs, (4) classroom management, (5) school effectiveness, (6) a network of schools, and (7) school systems. Eleven sources are appended. (EJS)

Experienced Physicists solve simple textbook problems differently from beginning students. This paper describes these differences using a computer-implemented model that "learns." The research is set in the the context of modern computer-processing psychology, and is related to other work relevant to help people know and learn…