Presented is a conceptual framework linking the construct of temperament with environmental factors that covary with the onset and escalation of substance use. We propose that transactions between temperament characteristics of the child in family and peer contexts influence the development of self-control ability, a mediating factor for onset and…

The psychoeducational model stresses the importance of psychic origins and meaning of behavior related to the student's relationships. The counselor client relationship is important in helping students cope with stress and peer relationships and gain self control. Intervention techniques of life space interviewing and reality interviewing are…

The application of stress management techniques to highly specialized populations and disorders has become an increasingly important clinical endeavor in recent years. Curiously, however, individuals undergoing one of the most stress-laden experiences, graduate school, have rarely been the focus of such efforts. There are three major forms of…