Significant advancements in voice chatbots have spurred interest into their role in second language learning (Conium, 2008), particularly their ability to assist in the development of learners' conversation skills in a target language. Many efforts have been made to explore AI's potential to act as conversation partners for language learners. Of…

As artificial intelligence (AI), and especially generative AI, are increasingly impacting daily life, it is becoming essential for learners to acquire AI literacy -- the capability to interact with AI at the interface of technology and the target language. Without AI literacy, they may struggle to navigate AI-driven systems and access benefits of…

There is currently an explosion in the number and range of new devices coming onto the technology market that use digital sensor technology to track aspects of human behaviour. In this article, we present and exemplify a three-stage model for the application of digital sensor technology in applied linguistics that we have developed, namely,…